Repositori catatan belajar Bahasa Latin
Catatan berikut dirangkum dari buku Getting Started with Latin Beginning Latin for Homeschoolers_.
The words in a Latin sentence are not usually in the same order as they would be in an English sentence. For example, sum nauta and nauta sum mean the same thing. This may seem strange to you at first, but it will become easier with practice.
EXERCISES:
Sum means I am by itself. However, ego may also be used with sum. Whether you say sum or ego sum, it still just means I am. Ego is often used for emphasis.
Remember: The words in a Latin sentence may be in an unusual order.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: farmer
EXERCISES:
MEANING: and
Most of the time, et simply means and. But, if you use it twice, it can mean both…and. Here is an example: Sum et nauta et agricola (I am both a sailor and a farmer).
EXERCISES:
MEANING: not
PRONUNCIATION TIP: In both classical and ecclesiastical pronunciation, nōn rhymes with bone, loan and tone.
In a sentence, nōn usually comes immediately before the verb. For example, nōn sum means I am not.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: you are In English, it takes two words to say you are. In Latin, it takes only one: es**.
Es is used only when speaking to one person.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: he is
In English, it takes two words to say he is. In Latin, it takes only one: est. Est can also mean she is and it is, but for now just translate est as he is. EXERCISES:
Let’s learn another way to use est. Sometimes est simply means is. Consider the following example:
Poēta est agricola.
This sentence means the poet is a farmer. Here, it is clear that poēta is the subject of the sentence. Therefore, we leave out he and est simply means is.
In other cases, there is no other word to be the subject of the sentence, as in the following example:
Poēta est.
This sentence means he is a poet. Here it is clear that there is no other word available to be the subject of the sentence. So, we translate est as he is.
If you cannot figure out whether est means is or he is, try them both. The correct meaning of est should become clear.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: we are
When studying any language it is important to notice whether each individual word is singular or plural. Why? Because each word in a sentence must interact correctly with the words around it. In grammatical terms, this is called agreement. See if you can figure out what is wrong with the following example:
Sum agricolae.
Did you notice something strange about that sentence? This sentence does not make any sense because it means I am farmers. In other words, sum and agricolae do not agree because sum is singular and agricolae is plural. A correct sentence would be sum agricola because sum and agricola agree. Again, see if you can figure out what is wrong with the following example:
Sumus agricola.
This sentence does not make any sense either because it means we are a farmer. Sumus and agricola do not agree because sumus is plural and agricola is singular. A correct sentence would be sumus agricolae because sumus and agricolae agree.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: they are
Sunt is very similar to est. Sunt can mean they are or just are. Consider the following example:
Agricolae sunt poētae.
This sentence means the farmers are poets. Here it is clear that agricolae is the subject of the sentence. Therefore, we leave out they and sunt simply means are.
In other cases, there is no other word to be the subject of the sentence, as in the following example:
Poētae sunt.
This sentence means they are poets. Here there is no other word available to be the subject of the sentence. So, we translate sunt as they are.
Again (just as with est), if you cannot figure out whether sunt means are or they are, try them both. The correct meaning of sunt should become clear.
EXERCISES:
We have already covered singular and plural. Now let’s talk about another quality that verbs have. In Latin, verbs tell not only what action is taking place, but also who is performing the action. Verbs can be in the first person, second person, or third person.
Verbs that refer to I or we are first person (the person who is speaking).
Verbs that refer to you, either singular or plural, are second person (the person or people to whom the speaker is speaking). In this book we will use y’all for the second person plural to help distinguish it from the second person singular.
Verbs that refer to he, she, it, or they are third person (the person, thing, people, or things being spoken about).
The following chart should help illustrate this concept
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | I | we |
| 2nd person | you | you all/y’all |
| 3rd person | he, she, it | they |
If we put all the Latin verbs you know in a chart like the one above, it would look like this:
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | sum | sumus |
| 2nd person | es | estis |
| 3rd person | est | sunt |
Remember to chant or sing these verbs over and over in order to memorize them.
In the exercises below, determine what the subject of each sentence is. Then, determine if it is first person, second person, or third person. Finally, determine whether it is singular or plural.
EXERCISES:
When nauta is the subject of a sentence it appears in its normal form which is nauta. When nauta is the direct object in a sentence, we change the ending to -am. That makes it nautam instead of nauta. Use nautam only with action verbs, not verbs of being or existing like am, are, or is (also called linking verbs). A word that renames the subject of the sentence after a linking verb is called a predicate nominative. Predicate nominatives take the normal form of the word, not the direct object form. Here are some examples to help illustrate these concepts:
The nauta saw an island.
In this sentence, sailor is the subject of the sentence, so it retains its normal form which is nauta. Here is another example:
I saw a nautam.
In this sentence, sailor is the direct object, so the ending changes to -am to make nautam. Here is a third example:
The man is a nauta.
In this sentence, sailor is the predicate nominative (a word that renames the subject of the sentence after a linking verb) so it retains its normal form which is nauta.
In the exercises below, fill in the blank with either nauta or nautam. Then, give the reason for your choice. Choose from among the following three reasons:
** Because it is the subject of the sentence ** Because it is the direct object of the sentence ** Because it is a predicate nominative
Write your answers in your notebook or on a separate sheet of paper.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: I watch, I do watch, I am watching
Spectō is our first action verb in Latin. It means I watch, I do watch, or I am watching. You can use words such as ego and nōn along with spectō, just as you would with sum.
In the last lesson, we learned that if nauta is a direct object, the ending changes to -am. This rule is also true for agricola and poēta. Agricola becomes agricolam and poēta becomes poētam. Keep this in mind as you translate the exercises into English. Don’t let the order of the words confuse you. Instead, just focus on the function of each individual word.
Since spectō can mean I watch, I do watch, or I am watching, you must decide on your own which one sounds best when you translate the exercises into English.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: star
Think of the possible endings of stella and how each one would be used in a sentence.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: moon
Think of the possible endings of lūna and how each one would be used in a sentence.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: you watch, you do watch, you are watching
This chart should come in handy as we learn additional forms of spectō.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | spectō | |
| 2nd Person | spectās | |
| 3rd Person |
Remember: You must decide on your own whether to translate spectās as you watch, you do watch, or you are watching.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: he watches, he does watch, he is watching
The chart is getting fuller:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | spectō | |
| 2nd Person | spectās | |
| 3rd Person | spectat |
Do you remember the different ways to use est? Spectat is like that, too. Let’s look at an example:
Nauta stellās spectat.
This sentence means the sailor is watching the stars. Here, it is clear that nauta is the subject of the sentence. Therefore, we leave out he and spectat simply means is watching.
Other times, there is no other word to be the subject of the sentence, as in the following example:
Stellās spectat.
This sentence means he is watching the stars. Here, there is no other word available to be the subject of the sentence. So, we translate spectat as he is watching.
Of course, spectat could also mean she is watching or it is watching. But for now, just translate spectat as he is watching.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: we watch, we do watch, we are watching
We’re over halfway there!
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | spectō | spectāmus |
| 2nd Person | spectās | |
| 3rd Person | spectat |
EXERCISES:
MEANING: y’all watch, y’all do watch, y’all are watching
We’re almost there!
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | spectō | spectāmus |
| 2nd Person | spectās | spectātis |
| 3rd Person | spectat |
EXERCISES:
MEANING: they watch, they do watch, they are watching
The chart is now full!
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | spectō | spectāmus |
| 2nd Person | spectās | spectātis |
| 3rd Person | spectat | spectant |
Do you remember the different ways to use sunt? Spectant is like that, too.
Let’s look at an example:
Agricolae lūnam spectant.
This sentence means the farmers are watching the moon. Here, it is clear that agricolae is the subject of the sentence. Therefore, we leave out they and spectant simply means are watching.
Other times, there is no other word to be the subject of the sentence, as in the following example:
Stellās spectant.
This sentence means they are watching the stars. Here, there is no other wordto be the subject of the sentence. So, we translate spectant as they are watching.
EXERCISES:
We now know all six present tense forms of sum and spectō. Let’s review them now. Here is the chart for sum:
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | sum | sumus |
| 2nd person | es | estis |
| 3rd person | est | sunt |
Say all six forms in sequence: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt. It is best to memorize them. Try to think of what each word means as you say it.
Here is the chart for spectō:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | spectō | spectāmus |
| 2nd Person | spectās | spectātis |
| 3rd Person | spectat | spectant |
Repeat after me! Spectō, spectās, spectat, spectāmus, spectātis, spectant. Again, think of what each word means as you say it. Soon these groups of verbs will become second nature.
By now, you may be noticing a pattern to the endings of the verbs. If we made a chart of just the endings of spectō it would look like this:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | -o | -mus |
| 2nd Person | -s | -tis |
| 3rd Person | -t | -nt |
As with the verbs themselves, it is best to memorize these endings so you can recognize them easily. Spell them out by letters: -o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt.
From now on, when you learn a verb, you will know how to use it in all six present tense forms. You’ve come a long way from Lesson One. Keep up the good work.
MEANING: often
PRONUNCIATION TIP: The ae in saepe will sound different depending on which pronunciation style you adopt. In classical pronunciation, the ae in saepe sounds like the English word eye. In ecclesiastical pronunciation, it will sound like the e in bet.
Saepe is your first Latin adverb. An adverb is a word that describes how the action is taking place. When you translate the exercises, try to put the adverb where it sounds the best.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: I count, I do count, I am counting
PRONUNCIATION TIP: If you are using the ecclesiastical style of pronunciation, remember to roll the r in numerō lightly. The endings for numerō are the same as for spectō. Review them as often as you need to with this handy chart:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | numero | numeratmus |
| 2nd Person | numeras | numeratis |
| 3rd Person | numerat | numerant |
EXERCISES:
MEANING: woman
Fēmina is the first word we have encountered in this book that refers to someone of the female gender. Remember that est can be translated as he is, she is, or it is. Now, you will have an opportunity to translate sentences such as the following example:
Fēmina est.
This sentence means she is a woman. It should be clear when to use he, she or it in your translations. When est does not refer directly to a female, continue to translate it as he is.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: I love, I do love, I am loving, I like, I do like, I am liking
You must decide on your own whether to translate amō as I love or I like. How will you know which one to choose? Just use the one that sounds best in the context of the sentence.
Can you name the six forms of amō and tell what they mean?
EXERCISES:
MEANING: never
Numquam is another adverb just like saepe and semper.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: but
The word sed often divides a sentence into two parts. To make translation easier, translate the part that comes before sed first and then translate the part that comes after sed.
EXERCISES:
MEANING: I plow, I do plow, I am plowing
EXERCISES:
MEANING: I walk, I do walk, I am walking
EXERCISES:
MEANING: to, toward
A preposition is a word that shows a physical relationship between two nouns. Examples of prepositions are in, to, beside, with, behind, under and over. Ad is your first Latin preposition. Ad can mean to or toward. Use the meaning that makes the most sense in context.
When you use ad, the word it refers to must have the direct object ending. For instance, to the forest would be ad silvam, not ad silva. And in the plural, toward the sailors would be ad nautās, not ad nautae.
EXERCISES:
In Latin, the endings of nouns change according to what role or function they play in a given sentence. Any noun may have many different forms. These different forms of nouns are called cases. When we use a word as the subject of a sentence, that word is said to be in the nominative case. We also use the nominative case for predicate nominatives. When we use a word as a direct object, that word is said to be in the accusative case. We also use the accusative case with certain prepositions like ad. There are five cases in all. Examine the chart below.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Nominative (subject/predicate nominative) | nauta | nautae |
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| 4. Accusative (direct object/object of preposition) | nautam | nautas |
| 5. |
Each case performs certain functions while working together with the other cases to create meaningful sentences. As you can see from the chart, you already have experience with two of the five cases. As you learn the second, third, and fifth cases, you will be able to translate more complex (and interesting) exercises.
MEANING: around
PRONUNCIATION TIP: In classical pronunciation, each c in circum sounds like the k in kitchen. In ecclesiastical pronunciation, the first c will sound like the ch in cheese, and the second one will sound like the k in kitchen.
Circum is another preposition. Like ad, circum takes the accusative (direct object) case.
EXERCISES:
MEANING near
Prope is another preposition. Like ad and circum, prope takes the accusative (direct object) case.
EXERCISES:
The fifth case on our chart is called the ablative case. The ablative case can be used in many ways.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Nominative (subject/predicate nominative) | nauta | nautae |
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| 4. Accusative (direct object/object of preposition) | nautam | nautas |
| 5. Ablative (many uses) | nauta |
The ablative singular is spelled the same as the nominative singular. The only visible difference is that the ablative singular has a mark over its final letter. This mark is called a macron. This macron will help you to distinguish the ablative singular from the nominative singular. In this book you will learn two different ways to use the ablative case.
MEANING in, on (takes ablative case), into (takes accusative case)
So far, all the prepositions you know (ad, circum, prope) take the accusative case. Not all prepositions, however, take the accusative case. Some prepositions take the ablative case. The new word for this lesson, in, takes either the accusative case or the ablative case depending on what it means. In can mean in, on, or into. When in means into, it takes the accusative case.
When in means in or on, it takes the ablative case. When you translate the exercises you will have to figure out whether to translate in as in or on. To learn more about how the word in is used, examine the following examples:
In casā sum.
Because in takes the ablative case here, that narrows our choices down to either in or on. Because of the context, the best translation for in is in. So, the sentence means I am in the house. Here is another example:
In īnsulā sum.
Because in takes the ablative case here, that again narrows our choices down to either in or on. Because of the context, the best translation for in is on. So, the sentence means I am on the island. Here is another example:
Agricola in casam ambulat.
Because in takes the accusative case here (and because of the context of the sentence), we know that the best meaning for in is into. So, the sentence means the farmer is walking into the house.
EXERCISES:
PRONUNCIATION TIP: In both classical and ecclesiastical pronunciation, the i in nautīs sounds like the ee in meet and sweet. The ablative plural has the ending -īs. Compare the ablative plural to the forms you already know in the chart below:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Nominative (subject/predicate nominative) | nauta | nautae |
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| 4. Accusative (direct object/object of preposition) | nautam | nautas |
| 5. Ablative (many uses) | nauta | nautis |
MEANING school
Review the noun endings you know with this handy chart:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Nominative (subject/predicate nominative) | schola | scholae |
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| 4. Accusative (direct object/object of preposition) | scholam | scholas |
| 5. Ablative (many uses) | schola | scholis |
EXERCISES:
Early in this book you learned two ways to use est and sunt. You learned that if a sentence already has a subject, est just means is. But, if a sentence has no other word to be the subject, est means he is, she is, or it is.
Likewise, you learned that if a sentence already has a subject, sunt just means are. But, if a sentence has no other word to be the subject, sunt means they are.
Now I will show you another way that the words est and sunt are used in Latin. Est is used to mean there is and sunt is used to mean there are. Examine the following examples:
Est fēmina in scaphā (there is a woman in the boat).
Sunt nautae in īnsulā (there are sailors on the island).
Did you notice that in those examples est and sunt came first in the sentence? Keep this third possible use of est and sunt in mind as you do the exercises, especially when est or sunt is the first word of the sentence.
EXERCISES:
MEANING daily
PRONUNCIATION TIP: Cotīdiē has four syllables. In classical pronunciation it will sound like ko-TEE-di-ay. In ecclesiastical pronunciation, the e at the end will sound like the e in bet.
Cotīdiē is another adverb like saepe, semper, and numquam.
EXERCISES:
MEANING from (takes the ablative case)
PRONUNCIATION TIP: In both classical and ecclesiastical pronunciation, the a in ā and ab sounds like the o in not and pot.
This preposition can be spelled either ā or ab. Generally speaking, ā is used if the next word starts with a consonant and ab is used if the next word starts with a vowel.
We have similar spelling variations in English, too. Consider the following examples:
A book
An apple
A and an are the same word but with one important difference. A comes before words that begin with a consonant and an comes before words that begin with a vowel. Why the variation in spelling? This is done in order to make pronunciation easier. For example, it is easier to say a book than an book and it is easier to say an apple than a apple.
Likewise, ab īnsulā is easier to say than ā īnsulā and ā patriā is easier than ab patriā. The concept is the same in Latin as it is in English.
EXERCISES:
MEANING with (takes the ablative case)
EXERCISES:
MEANING without (takes the ablative case)
EXERCISES:
Possessive words show ownership of something. In English, we often show possession by using an apostrophe followed by an s. Consider the following examples:
Sometimes we show possession by using the word of.
You must decide on your own whether to use an apostrophe or to use of to show possession.
Here are a few of the most basic rules to remember when using apostrophes: | | Rule | Example | | — | — | — | | Rule #1 | To make a noun that does not end in s possessive, just add an apostrope and an s | Lauren always wants to borrow Kate’s book. | | Rule #2 | To ake a singular noun that ends in s possessive, add an apostrophe and an s (just like rule #1) | The class’s favourite subject was Latin. | | Rule #3 | To make a plural noun that ends in s possessive, add an apostrophe to end of the word. | Due to incresed interest in Latin, all the books’ covers are starting to wear out. |